Straw hopper and delivery mechanism for straw packaging machines and the like



July 7, 1936. T A 2,046,800 STRAW HOPPER AND DELIVERY MECHANISM FOR STRAW PACKAGING MACHINES AND THE LIKE Original Filed July 6, 1954 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 July 7, 1936. J. J. TOOLAN ESE / ELIE-111- STRAW HOPPER AND DELIVERY MECHANISM FOR STRAW PACKAGING MACHINES AND THE LIKE Original Filed July 6, 1934 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 Zhwentor JOHN J. TooLA/v attorney July 7, 1936.

Il -E J. J. TOOLAN STRAW HOPPER AND DELIVERY MECHANISM FOR STRAW PACKAGING MACHINES AND THE LIKE Original Filed July 6, 1934 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 (Ittorneg July 7, 1936. 5

' J. J. TOOLAN STRAW HOPPER AND DELIVERY MECHANISM FOR STRAW PACKAGING MACHINES AND THE LIKE Original Filed July 6, 1954 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Bmaentor Jmv J TOOLAN 7 July 7, 1936. J TQQLAN 7 2,046,800

STRAW HOPPER AND DELIVERY MECHANISM FOR STRAW PACKAGING MACHINES AND THE LIKE Original Filed July 6, 1934 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Ilia-.5-

Jomy/ J 7004 AN Patented July 7, 1936 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE STRAW HOPPER AND DELIVERY MECHA- NISM FOR STRAW PACKAGING MACHINES AND THE John J. Toolan, Chicago, Ill.

Original application July 6, 1934, Serial No. 734,056. Divided and this application April 25,

1935, Serial No.

19 Claims.

The present invention relates to machines for packaging straws in envelopes and it particularly relates to the straw hopper and the means to feed the straws from the hopper and assemble them into position for insertion in the wrapper.

The invention has for an object to provide an improved straw hopper and feeding means for feeding the straws in selected groups (pairs in the embodiment illustrated) to the straw receiver.

Further, it is an object to provide any suitable safety device for stopping the machine if the hopper becomes empty or if the straws pile up in a the filling or delivery mechanism in a manner which would tend to jam the machine and cause it to deliver defective. packages.

Other objects will in part be obvious and in part be pointed out hereinafter.

To the attainment of the aforesaid objects and Z ends, the invention still further resides in the novel details of construction, combination and arrangement of parts, all of which will be first fully described in the following detailed description, and then be particularly pointed 'out' in the 55 appended claims, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a. plan view of so much of a straw packaging machine as is necessary to illustrate my present invention.

0 Figure 2 is a front elevation of the parts shown in Figure 1.

Figure 3 is a rear view of the Figure 1.

Figure 4 is a cross section on the line 4-4 of 5 Figure 3 looking in the direction of the arrow.

Figure 5 is a cross section on the line 55 of Figure 3 looking in the direction of the arrow.

Figure 6 is an edge elevation of one'of the straw selector wheels. Figure 7 is a side elevation of the same.

Figure 8 is a detail perspective view of the funnel end of a straw receiving slide.

Figure 9 is a detail perspective view of the other end of the straw receiving slide. Figure 10 is a. detail end elevation of the slide and its retainer, a part being broken away.

Figure 11 is a detail perspective of the pushing end of the straw inserting push-bar.

Figure 12 is a detail perspective of one of the cross-heads.

Figure 13 is a detail perspective view of one oi the adjustable pivot plates.

Figure 14 is a detail elevation of the detachable I block of one of the safety devices.

parts shown in Figure 15 is a detail view of part of. the drive gearing.

Figure 16 is a circuit diagram of the safety devices showing how they cooperate with the driving motor.

In the drawings I have illustrated only so much of my complete machine which is embodied in my original application filed July 6, 1934, Serial No. 734,056 as is necessary to a clear understanding of the present invention, the present application being a division of my said original application. Like numerals of reference are used throughout the drawings to indicate like parts in all of the figures.

The machine comprises a base I which is supported on suitable standards 2. Held in a hearing 4 in an end standard 3, and in a corresponding bearing 14a: in a standard I04, is the main shaft 5 of the package and straw assembling units, shown particularly in Figures 1, 2 and 3 0f the drawings. Secured, to the shaft 5 are disks 1, B, 9, H), II and I2, and mounted on the shaft 5 is a barrel-cam l8 having a hub portion on which is rotatably mounted a ring-like disk 6. The cam is held from rotating by a locked screw 35. Pairs of guide bars l3 are secured to and between the disks 6 and 1, constituting therewith a rotatable drum-like skeleton. In the embodiment illustrated there are six pairs of guide bars disposed sixty degrees apart. The bars l3 have longitudinal slots I4 constituting guideways for the cross-heads l5 which are mounted to be reciprocated along the guide bars by means of rollers 20 which engage in a cam groove IQ of the cam I 8. Secured (preferably adjustably) on 7 .each cross-head I5 is a pivot plate 2l which has a stud I! to which a push-bar I6 is pivoted.

Mounted in radial slots in the disks, 1, 8, 9 and I0 is a set of straw receiving slides 22 each of which has a longitudinal straw receiving groove 23 of a width to take the number of straws that the machine is designed to place in one package (two straws to the package in the illustrated embodiment of my invention. Each slide 22 has grooves 24 (forming with the groove 23 a T- slot). A push-bar l6 operates in each groove 23. The bar l6 has suitably located wings in the grooves 24 to guide and steady the bar as it is moved longitudinally in the groove 23.

In order to hold the slides 22 in place on the disks 1, 8, 9 and I0 retainers 29 are secured to the disks 8, 9 and I0. These retainers (see Figures 2, 9, and 10 have fingers 28 which enter longitudinal grooves 25 in the slides 22 as shown.

At the front end of each slide is secured a plate 26 which carries a funnel member 21 that is designed to be inserted in one open end of a wrapper W and through which funnel the straws S are passed into the wrappers. Each slide 22 is also provided with a pair of spaced cross-grooves 3| (see Figures 2 and 8), into and through which the lips I12a: are passed so as to ensure an even lay of the straws in the grooves and prevent, as far as possible, the straws falling out of paralielism when being dehvered to the grooves from;

the chute.

The front end of each push-bar I6 is provided with a number of prongs 32 (the number depends on the number of straws to be placed in a package). These prongs 32 enter an open end of the straw and hold the same to move simultaneously forward through the funnel 21 into the wrapper W with which'it is cooperating.

The slide 22 is given a slight longitudinal stroke, enough to bring the funnel 21 into and remove it from a wrapper W, by means of a cam groove 33 in the cam I8 with which groove'a roller 34 on each slide engages.

A gear I42 on the shaft 5 meshes with a gear I43 on the straw selector shaft I44, which gear I43 in turn meshes with an idler pinion I45 that is secured to a larger gear I46, the pinion I45 and the gear I46 rotating as one on a stub shaft I41 (see Figure 15). The gear I46 meshes with a gear I48 on the shaft I33.

, The straw delivery and feeding mechanism The mechanism for delivering or feeding the straws from the hopper I58 to the slides 22 is best shown in Figures 1 and 4, by reference to which it will be seen that a pair of straw selector wheels I49 (see Figures 4, 6 and '1) have adjustable spring advanced fingers I50 whose lugs I5I are engaged by adjustable finger plates I54 that are secured to the wheels I49 by screws I55. The selector fingers I50 slide in radial slots I52 which contain the springs I53.

In order to agitate and jamming, I provide a rocking shaft I that carries a plate I59 which constitutes the back of the hopper. 'The shaft I60 is rocked by an arm I6I having a roller I62 that engages a cam I63' The straws are held down on the chute portion I12 by the plates I13 (see Figures 1 and 4);

which plates are connected by a cross bar I14, the plates being carried by the hopper I58. The plates I13 have straw check members I15 at their outer ends which, together with the lips I123: on the chute I12, form a throat through which the straws are delivered in selected number to the grooves 23 of the slides 22.

A pulley I16 on the shaft I33 drives the loose pulley I66 by means of a belt I11.

The straws are held from falling out of the grooves 23 by guide I56 carried on suitable supports I51 (see Figures 3 and 4).

In order to stop the machine as the hopper be- 365 which, when are adapted. to

break apart the strawswithin the hopper I58 and prevent them from comes empty or the stream of straws along the chute I12 is interrupted, I provide a safety device consisting of a support I carrying a block of insulation I8I in which is held a live contact I82. The contact I82 is adapted to be engaged by a grounded contact I86 on the arm I65 of a lever that is pivoted at I84 and has a foot I83 whose heel is adapted to engage the straws S to keep the contacts separated while the flow of straws isnormal. The live contact I82 leads to a relay the circuit is closed, opens the motor circuit, as will later more fully appear.

I88 designates a pair of fixed straw retaining fingers carried on a rod I81. I89 designates a safety rocker arm which is provided with a straw engaging foot I90 having a bevelled edge I9I to ride over straws and over' the periphery of the disks 8 and 9. .I92 designates a bell crank latch which is pivoted at' I93 and is adapted to be engaged by a. latch releasing arm I94 (see Fig. 4). A cam I95 serves to move the arm I89 to a position with respect to the straw drum so as to move foot I90 out of contact with the straws so as to preserve the straws from pressure tending to mash'them. If no straws are present arm I94 will act' before cam I95 does.

I96 is a safety rocker arm that is pivoted on the rod I81 and carries an electrical contact I91 on'its insulated portion I98 there being a stop I99 provided to limit the rocking movement in onedirection. 200 designates a grounded contact (see Figures 4 and 16) which cooperates with the contact I91 to close the circuit of the relay 365 when member I96 passes an empty straw slide.

20I indicates an insulated block on the rocker arm I88, the insulated block carrying an electrical contact 202 which cooperates with a pivoted circuit closing member 344, this member having a notch 345 to cooperate with the latch I92, a spring 346 being provided tending to draw the member 344 toward the latch I92. The weight of the arm I89 and its parts augmented by a spring I89:r: (see Figure 4) serves to hold the arm with its foot I90 normally in light contact with the drum 9.

Operation Now refer to Figures 1, 3, and 4. As will be seen by reference to Figure 4, as the straw receiving drum-like unit, composed of the disks 8, 9, and I0 and parts carried thereby, moves in the direction of the arrow on the disk 9 in Figure 4 the selector fingers I50 at the right in Figure 4 will take the first two straws and deliver them into the groove 23 of th straw receiving slide 22 just beneath the same. The straws are fed down the chute I12 by the brushes I65, aided by gravity. As soon as the straws have been placed in the receiver 22, the push-bar I6 cooperating with that receiver will be advancing to enter its projections 32 into the adjacent ends of a pair of straws. In the meantime the cam 33 will have advanced the straw carrier 22 to insert its funnel 21 into the wrapper which has lined up with it so that as the movement of the machine continues the cam-way I9 will advance the push bar I6 to deliver the pair of straws through the funnel 21 and insert the straws completely in the wrapper by the time the unit under discussion reaches the lower left hand position in Figure 4 and from that time on the push bar I6recedes so that by the time the unit 22 under discussion reaches the position at the lower right in Figure 4 the bar I6 will have been fully withdrawn.

If no straws are deposited in a groove 23 as soon as that groove comes opposite the foot I90 that foot will drop into the groove thereby lowering rocker arm I89 to bring the latch I92 into the path of the releasing arm I49 which will trip the latch and permit the member 344 to swing to the dotted line position shown in Figure 4, thereby closing the circuit and eifecting a stoppage of the motor.

Should more than two straws be deposited in the groove 23 or should the straws project beyond the periphery of the drum 9, as is the case if the straws should become crossed, then when the straws engage the rocker arm I96 they will cause a closing of the circuit at contacts 91 and 200 and thereby stop the machine.

Should the hopper become empty, as soon as the last straw has passed from beneath the foot I83 it will drop into the chute H2 and effect a closing of the circuit at I86 to stop the motor. Thus it will be seen that I have made ample provision for all contingencies which arise in the feeding of the straws to the grooves 23 in which they are deposited.

From the foregoing description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, it is thought that the construction, combination and operation of the invention will be clear to those skilled in the art, and I wish it understood that changes in the details of construction and arrangement may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and scope of the apappended claims.

What I claim is:

1. In a straw Wrapping machine, a strop hopper, a rotatable straw receiver comprising a drumlike structure having peripheral grooves, longitudinally movable straw receiving bars located in said grooves, said bars each having a groove of sufiicient cross sectional area to receive a determined number of straws, a chute to convey straws from said hopper to said bars, means to advance the straws along said chute from the hopper to the straw receiver, and means to separate a selected number of straws in the chute from the remainder and place them in the grooves of said bars as the bars arrive at the delivery end of the chute, and power applying mechanism to operate the aforesaid parts.

2. In a straw wrapping machine, a straw hopper, a rotatable straw receiver comp-rising a drumlike structure having peripheral grooves, straw receiving bars located in said grooves, said bars each having a groove of sificient cross sectional area to receive a determined number of straws, a

chute to convey straws from said hopper to said bars, means to advance the straws along said chute from the hopper to the straw receiver, and means to separate a selected number of straws in the chute from the remainder and place them in the grooves of said bars as the bars arrive at the delivery end of the chute, and power applying mechanism to operate the aforesaid parts, said last-named means comprising disks in rolling contact with the drum-like structure, yieldable fingers carried by said disks to engage the straws at the end of the chute and convey the selected number to the straw receiving bar adjacent thereto.

3. In a straw wrapping machine, a straw hopper, a rotatable straw receiver comprising a drumlike structure having peripheral grooves,

longitudinally movable straw receiving bars located in said grooves, said bars each having a groove of suflicient cross sectional area to receive a determined number of straws, a chute to convey straws from said hopper to said bars, means to advance the straws along said chute from the hopper to the straw receiver, means to separate a selected number of straws in the chute from the remainder and place them in the grooves of said bars as the bars arrive at the delivery end of the chute, and power applying mechanism to operate the aforesaid parts, said bars having transverse grooves intersecting the straw receiving grooves and said chute having lips to enter said transverse grooves as the bars pass to guide the straws from the chute into place in the bars.

4. In a straw wrapping machine, a straw hopper, a rotatable straw receiver comprising a drum-like structure having peripheral grooves, straw receiving bars located in said grooves, said bars each having a groove of suiiicient cross sectional area to receive a determined number of straws, a chute to convey straws from said hopper to said bars, means to advance the straws along said chute from the hopper to the straw receiver, means to separate a selected number of straws in the chute from the remainder and place them in the grooves of said bars as the bars arrive at the delivery end of the chute, and power applying mechanism to operate the aforesaid parts, said last-named means comprising disks in rolling contact with the drum-like structure, yieldable fingers carried by said disks to engage the straws at the end of the chute and convey the selected number to the straw receiving bar adjacent thereto, said bars having transverse grooves intersecting the straw receiving grooves and said chute having lips to enter said transverse grooves as the bars pass to guide the straws from the chute into place in the bars.

5. In a straw wrapping machine, a straw hopper, a rotatable straw receiver comprising a drumlike structure having peripheral grooves, longitudinally movable straw receiving bars located in said grooves, said bars each having a groove of sufiicient cross sectional area to receive a determined number of straws, a chute to convey straws from said hopper to said bars, means to advance the straws along said chute from the hopper to the straw receiver, means to separate a selected number of straws in the chute from the remainder and place them in the grooves of said bars as the bars arrive at the delivery end of the chute, and power applying mechanism to operate the aforesaid parts, and means to stop the action of said power applying mechanism when the hopper becomes empty.

6. In a straw wrapping machine, a straw hopper, a rotatable straw receiver comprising a drum-like structure having peripheral grooves, straw receiving bars located in said grooves, said bars each having a groove of sufiicient cross sectional area to receive a determined number of straws, a chute to convey straws from said hopper to said bars, means to advance the straws along said chute from the hopper to the straw receiver, means to separate a selected number of straws in the chute from the remainder and place them in the grooves of said bars as the bars arrive at the delivery end of the chute, power applying mechanism to operate the aforesaid parts, said last-named means comprising disks in rolling contact with the drum-like structure,yieldahle fingers carried by said disks to engage the straws at the end of the chute and convey the selected number to the straw receiving bars adjacent thereto, and means to stop the action of '.'0f straws in the chute from the remainder said power applying; when thehopper becomes empty.

'I. In a straw wrapping machine, astraw hop per, a rotatable straw receiver comprising a drumlike structure having peripheral grooves, longitudinally movable straw receiving bars located in said grooves, said bars each having a groove of sufficient cross sectional area to receive a determined number of straws, a chute to convey straws from said hopper to said bars, means to advance the straws along said chute from the hopper to the straw receiver, means to separate a selected number of straws in the chute from the remainder and place them in thegrooves of said bars as the bars arrive at the delivery end of the chute, power applying mechanism to operate the aforesaid parts, said bars having transverse grooves intersecting the straw receiving grooves and said chute having lips to enter said transverse grooves as the bars pass to guide the straws from the chute into place in the bars, and means to stop the action of said power applying mechanism; when the hopper becomes empty.

8. In a straw wrapping machine a straw hopper, a rotatable straw receiver comprising a.' drum-like structure having peripheral grooves, straw receiving bars located in said grooves, said bars each having a groove of sufficient cross sec- *;tional area to receive a determined number of straws, a chute to convey straws from said hopper to said bars, means to advance thestraws along said chute fromthe hopper to the straw receiver, means to separate a selected number and place them in the grooves of said bars as the bars arrive at the delivery end of the chute, power applying mechanism to operate the aforesaid parts, said last-named means comprising disks in rolling contact with the drum-like structures, yieldable fingers carried by said disks to engage the straws at the end of the chute and convey the selected number to the straw receiving bar adjacent thereto, said bars having transverse grooves intersecting the straw receiving grooves, said chutehaving lips to enter said transverse grooves as the bars pass to guide the straws from the chute into place inthe bars, and means to stop the action of said power applying mechanism when the hopper becomes empty.

9. In a straw wrapping machine, a straw hopper, a rotatable straw receiver comprising a drum-like structure having peripheral grooves, longitudinally movable-straw receiving bars located in said grooves, saidbars each having a groove of sufiicient cross sectional area to receive a determined number of straws, a chute to convey straws from said hopper to saidbars, means to advance the straws along said chute from the hopper to the straw receiver, means to separate a selected number of straws in the chute from the remainder and place them in the grooves of said bars as the bars'arrive at the delivery end of the chute, power applying mechanism to operate the aforesaid parts, and means to stop the actionof said power applying mechanism if less than the required number of straws is delivered to the respective bars.

10. In a straw wrapping machine, a straw hopper, a rotatable straw receiver comprising a drumlike structure having peripheral grooves, longitudinally movable straw receiving bars located in said grooves, said barseach having a groove of sufficient cross sectional area to receive a determined number of straws,a chute to convey straws from said hopper to said bars, means to advance the straws along said chute from the hopper to the straw receiver, means to'separate a selected number of straws in the chute from the remainder and place them in the grooves of said bars so the bars arrive at the delivery end of the chute, power applying mechanism to operate the aforesaid parts, means to stop the action of said power applying mechanism when the hopper becomes empty, and means to stop the action of said 10 power applying mechanism if less than the required number of straws is delivered to the respective bars.

1 In a straw wrapping machine, a straw hopper, a rotatable straw receiver comprising a drum-like structure having peripheral grooves, longitudinally movable straw receiving bars located in said grooves, said bars each having a groove of sufficient cross sectional area to receive a determined number of straws, a chute to convey straws from said hopper to said bars, means to advance said straws along said chute from the hopper to the straw receiver, means to separate a selected number of straws in the chute from the remainder and place them in the grooves of said bars as the bars arrive at the delivery end of the chute, power applying mechanism to operate the aforesaid parts, and means to stop the action of said power appying mechanism if more than the requisite number of straws is placed in said bars or the straws in a bar become displaced 12. In a straw wrapping machine, a straw hopper, a rotatable straw receiver comprising a drum-like structure having peripheral grooves, longitudinally movable straw receiving bars located in said grooves, said bars each having a groove of sufficient cross sectional area to receive a determined number of straws, a chute to convey straws from said hopper to said bars, means to advance the straws along said chute from the hopper to the straw receiver, means to separate a selected number of straws in the chute from the remainder and place them in the grooves of said bars as the bars arrive at the delivery end of the chute, power applying mechanism to operate the aioresaid parts, means to stop the action of said power applying mechanism when the hopper becomes empty, and means to stop the action of said power applying mechanism if more than the requisite number of straws is placed in said bars or the straws in a bar become displaced.

13. In a straw wrapping machine, a straw hopper, a rotatable straw receiver comprising a drum-like structure having peripheral grooves, longitudinally movable straw receiving bars lo- 5 cated in said grooves, said bars each having a groove of sufiicient cross sectional area to receive a determined number of straws, a chute to convey straws from said hopper to said bars, means to advance the straws along said chute from the hopper to the straw receiver, means to separate a selected number of straws in the chute from the remainder and'place them in the grooves of said bars as the bars arrive at the delivery end of the chute, power applying mechanism to oper- 6= ate the aforesaid parts, means to stop the action of said power applying mechanism if less than the required number of straws is delivered to the respective bars, and means to stop the action of said power applying mechanism if more than the 7( requisite number of straws is placed in said bars or the straws in a bar become displaced.

14. In a'straw wrapping machine, a straw hopper, a rotatable straw receiver having peripheral grooves of such crossrsectional area as. toLreceive .7.

radially a definite number of straws, said grooves being open at their ends to deliver the straws in a direction parallel to the rotation axis of the receiver, a straw conveying chute extending from the hopper to the rotatable receiver for delivering straws to said grooves, means to advance the straws along said chute from the hopper to the straw receiver, and means for separating a selected number of straws in the chute from the remainder and laying them into the grooves of said rotary receiver as said grooves arrive at the delivery end of the chute, and power applying mechanism to operate the aforesaid parts.

15. In a straw wrapping machine, a straw hopper, a rotatable straw receiver having peripheral grooves of such cross sectional area as to receive radially a definite number of straws, said grooves being open at their ends to deliver the straws in a direction parallel to the rotation axis of the receiver, a straw conveying chute extending from the hopper to the rotatable receiver for deliver ing straws to said grooves, means to advance the straws along said chute from the hopper to the straw receiver, and means cooperating with the chute and with the rotatable receiver for separating a selected number of straws in the chute from the remainder and laying them into the grooves of said rotary receiver as said grooves arrive at the delivery end of the chute, and power applying mechanism to operate the aforesaid parts.

16. In a straw wrapping machine, a drumlike structure comprising a set of rotatable disks mounted on a shaft to rotate in unison, a plurality of bars mounted at the peripheries of said disks and extending from one disk to the other, said bars having straw receiving peripheral grooves intersected by cross grooves; a straw hopper; a chute for conveying straws from the hopper to said straw receiving grooves, said chute including lips to enter and pass through said cross grooves as the shaft rotates, and means selectively to separate a number of straws in the chute from the remainder and place the selected straws in the straw receiving grooves as they arrive at the delivery end of the chute; and power applying mechanism to operate the aforesaid parts.

17. In a straw wrapping machine, a drum-like structure comprising a set of rotatable disks mounted on a shaft to rotate in unison, a plurality of bars mounted at the peripheries of said disks and extending from one disk to the other, said bars having straw receiving peripheral grooves intersected by cross grooves; a straw hopper; a chute for conveying straws from the hopper to said straw receiving grooves, said chute including lips to enter and pass through said cross grooves as the shaft rotates; means selectively to separate a number of straws in the chute from the remainder and place the selected straws in the straw receiving grooves as they arrive at the delivery end of the chute; and means effecting continuous rotation of said drum-like structure and of said means to separate.

18. In a straw wrapping machine, .a straw hopper; a rotatable straw receiver comprising a drum-like structure having peripheral straw receiving grooves each of sufiicient cross sectional area to receive a definite number of straws; a chute to convey straws from said hopper and deliver the same to said grooves; means to advance the straws along the chute; rotatable disks adjacent the periphery of said receiver and yieldable fingers carried by said disks to separate selected numbers of straws from the remainder in the chute and convey the selected numbers of straws to said straw receiving grooves; and power applying means to operate the aforesaid parts.

19. In a straw wrapping machine, a straw hopper, a rotatable straw receiver having peripheral pockets, a chute to convey straws from said hopper to said receiver, means to advance straws along said chute from said hopper to said receiver, means to separate a selected number of straws in the chute from the remainder and place them in said pockets as the pockets arrive at the delivery end of the chute, said means including a rotatable disk adjacent the drum, yieldable fingers carried by said disk to engage the straws adjacent the end of the chute and convey the selected number to the pocket adjacent thereto, and means to actuate the aforesaid parts.

JOHN J. TOOLAN. 

